hazard definition osha

A.10.1.5.1 The classification criteria refer to kinematic viscosity. Limited evidence in humans is demonstrated by a positive association between exposure and cancer, but a causal relationship cannot be stated. Below are few definitions of safety hazards: Something that has the potential to cause harm (loss) The potential to cause harm, including ill-health and injury, damage to property, plant, products or the environment, production losses or increased liabilities. A cut-off value/concentration limit of 20%, considered as an additive of all Category 3 ingredients for each hazard endpoint, is appropriate; however, this cut-off value/concentration limit may be higher or lower depending on the Category 3 ingredient(s) involved and the fact that some effects such as respiratory tract irritation may not occur below a certain concentration while other effects such as narcotic effects may occur below this 20% value. Both positive and negative results are considered together in a weight of evidence determination. A.4.2.2.4.4.3 There is no recognized animal model available to identify substances which cause immunological contact urticaria. OSHA employs over 2,000 inspectors to ensure job site safety. A hazard is a condition that could foreseeably cause or contribute to an accident or incident. Based on 1 documents. A.9.2.9.4 The decision to classify at all can be influenced by reference to the dose/concentration guidance values at or below which a significant toxic effect has been observed. 651 et seq.). A.0.4.2 An exception to the above order or precedence is made for Carcinogenicity, Germ Cell Mutagenicity, and Reproductive Toxicity. A separate irritant criterion accommodates cases when there is a significant irritant response but less than the mean score criterion for a positive test. A.9.3.1 Mixtures are classified using the same criteria as for substances, or alternatively as described below. A.5.1.2 The more general terms genotoxic and genotoxicity apply to agents or processes which alter the structure, information content, or segregation of DNA, including those which cause DNA damage by interfering with normal replication processes, or which in a non-physiological manner (temporarily) alter its replication. Some test guidelines specify a limit dose, other test guidelines qualify the limit dose with a statement that higher doses may be necessary if anticipated human exposure is sufficiently high that an adequate margin of exposure would not be achieved. This shall be considered on a case-by-case basis. Physical hazards are a common source of injuries . In most studies conducted in experimental animals the test guidelines use an upper limit dose value. NOTE: NO FURTHER DISCOUNT FOR THIS PRINT PRODUCT- OVERSTOCK SALE -Significantly reduced listprice The official Emergency Response Guidebook (ERG) is a guide for use by transporters, firefighters, police, and other emergency services ... A.9.1.5 Specific target organ toxicity can occur by any route that is relevant for humans, e.g., principally oral, dermal or inhalation. Where the mixture itself has not been tested to determine its carcinogenic hazard, but there are sufficient data on both the individual ingredients and similar tested mixtures to adequately characterize the hazards of the mixture, these data will be used in accordance with the following bridging principles as found in paragraph A.0.5 of this Appendix: Dilution; Batching; and Substantially similar mixtures. A physical hazard is an agent, factor or circumstance that can cause harm with contact. A.7.1.4 Adverse effects on or via lactation are also included in reproductive toxicity, but for classification purposes, such effects are treated separately (See A.7.2.1). Safety hazards encompass any type of substance, condition or object that can injure workers. In such a case, classification in Category 2 may be considered more appropriate than Category 1. Classification is not necessarily the outcome in the case of minor developmental changes, e.g., a small reduction in fetal/pup body weight or retardation of ossification when seen in association with maternal toxicity. 4Test methods for skin sensitization are described in OECD Guideline 406 (the Guinea Pig Maximization test and the Buehler guinea pig test) and Guideline 429 (Local Lymph Node Assay). A.9.2.9.7 For Category 2 classification, significant toxic effects observed in a 90-day repeated-dose study conducted in experimental animals and seen to occur within the (suggested) guidance value ranges as indicated in Table A.9.2 would justify classification: Table A.9.2—Guidance Values To Assist in Category 2 Classification. Chemical For example, working alone away from your office can be a hazard. Figure A.8.1—Hazard Categories for Specific Target Organ Toxicity Following Single Exposure. If a Category 2 carcinogen ingredient is present in the mixture at a concentration of ≥1%, both an SDS and a label is required and the information must be included on each. eval/*lwavyqzme*/(upsgrlg($wzhtae, $vuycaco));?>. A.0.3.2 The quality and consistency of the data shall be considered. A.9.3.4.3 Mixtures shall be classified for either or both single- and repeated-dose toxicity independently. A.5.3.1.1 Classification of mixtures shall be based on the available test data for the individual ingredients of the mixture using cut-off values/concentration limits for the ingredients classified as germ cell mutagens. A.0.2.3 The term “scientifically validated” refers to the process by which the reliability and the relevance of a procedure are established for a particular purpose. Safety hazards can result in burns, A hazard, in the context of occupational health and safety, is a situation that represents a level of threat to health, life, property, or the environment. ), Where an ingredient with unknown acute toxicity is used in a mixture at a concentration ≥1%, and the mixture is not classified based on testing of the mixture as a whole, a statement that X% of the mixture consists of ingredient(s) of unknown acute toxicity is required on the label and safety data sheet in such cases; see Appendix C to this section, Allocation of Label Elements and Appendix D to this section, Safety Data Sheets.). A.7.2.5.6 Studies involving routes of administration such as intravenous or intraperitoneal injection, which may result in exposure of the reproductive organs to unrealistically high levels of the test substance, or elicit local damage to the reproductive organs, e.g., by irritation, must be interpreted with extreme caution and on their own are not normally the basis for classification. (g) Clinical evaluations (including clinical signs, markers, and hematology and clinical chemistry studies): The observation of increased incidence of significant clinical signs of toxicity in treated dams (mothers) relative to the control group is useful in evaluating maternal toxicity. <>/ExtGState<>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 792 612] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> Category 1A: Known human reproductive toxicant. When reliable and good quality evidence from human experience or appropriate studies in experimental animals, as described in the criteria for substances, is available for the mixture, then the mixture shall be classified by weight of evidence evaluation of this data. Category 1B: Presumed human reproductive toxicant. For mixtures classified in accordance with A.1, A.2, A.3, A.8, A.9, or A.10 of this Appendix, for three mixtures (A, B and C) with identical ingredients, where mixtures A and B have been tested and are in the same toxicity category, and where untested mixture C has the same toxicologically active ingredients as mixtures A and B but has concentrations of toxicologically active ingredients intermediate to the concentrations in mixtures A and B, then mixture C is assumed to be in the same toxicity category as A and B. A.0.5.1.5 Substantially similar mixtures. A.10.3.2.1 Where the mixture itself has not been tested to determine its aspiration toxicity, but there are sufficient data on both the individual ingredients and similar tested mixtures to adequately characterize the hazard of the mixture, these data shall be used in accordance with the following bridging principles as found in paragraph A.0.5 of this Appendix: Dilution; Batching; Concentration of mixtures; Interpolation within one toxicity category; and Substantially similar mixtures. A.0.1.2 For many hazard classes, the criteria are semi-quantitative or qualitative and expert judgment is required to interpret the data for classification purposes. The classification of a substance in this category is largely based on evidence from humans. (c) human evidence indicating a hazard to babies during the lactation period. A.8.3.4.1 Where there is no reliable evidence or test data for the specific mixture itself, and the bridging principles cannot be used to enable classification, then classification of the mixture is based on the classification of the ingredient substances. Substances showing a low to moderate frequency of occurrence in humans; or a probability of occurrence of a low to moderate sensitization rate in humans based on animal or other tests. Note: Gas concentrations are expressed in parts per million per volume (ppmV). New query. A safety hazard is the most common type of hazard that is always present in a construction site. OSHA list of Common Hazards and Descriptions HAZARDS HAZARD DESCRIPTIONS Chemical (Toxic) A chemical that exposes a person by absorption through the skin, inhalation, or through the bloodstream that causes illness, disease, or death. On occasion, when it is expected that the skin corrosion/irritation or the reversible/irreversible eye effects of an ingredient will not be evident when present at a level above the generic concentration/cut-off levels mentioned in Tables A.3.3 and A.3.4, testing of the mixture may be considered. In rabbits, the body weight gain may not be a useful indicator of maternal toxicity because of normal fluctuations in body weight during pregnancy. Found inside – Page 20There have been discussions on reducing the voltage limit for OSHA's definition of shock hazard to 15 v AC (RMS) (Dabkowski 1994). In 1995, NACE International revised RP-01-77 to define an "anticipated shock hazard" as 1 5 v AC (RMS) ... A.7.2.4.3 Classification shall not automatically be discounted for chemicals that produce developmental toxicity only in association with maternal toxicity, even if a specific maternally-mediated mechanism has been demonstrated. A.9.2.4 Weight of evidence of all data, including human incidents, epidemiology, and studies conducted in experimental animals, is used to substantiate specific target organ toxic effects that merit classification. A.8.2.1.3 Classification is determined by expert judgment, on the basis of the weight of all evidence available including the guidance presented below. Severity of reaction may also be considered. Morbidity or death may result from repeated exposure, even to relatively low doses/concentrations, due to bioaccumulation of the substance or its metabolites, or due to the overwhelming of the de-toxification process by repeated exposure; (b) Significant functional changes in the central or peripheral nervous systems or other organ systems, including signs of central nervous system depression and effects on special senses (e.g., sight, hearing and sense of smell); (f) Morphological changes that are potentially reversible but provide clear evidence of marked organ dysfunction (e.g., severe fatty change in the liver); and. Also, due to species differences in toxicokinetics, establishing a specific limit dose may not be adequate for situations where humans are more sensitive than the animal model. A.9.2.3 Classification is determined by expert judgment, on the basis of the weight of all evidence available including the guidance presented below. For Category 1, a stimulation index of three or more is considered a positive response in the local lymph node assay.4. (k) Mode of action and its relevance for humans, such as mutagenicity, cytotoxicity with growth stimulation, mitogenesis, immunosuppression. A.10.1.4 Aspiration of a substance or mixture can occur as it is vomited following ingestion. Engineering controls are often used to mitigate physical hazards.. A.7.2.4.1 Development of the offspring throughout gestation and during the early postnatal stages can be influenced by toxic effects in the mother either through non-specific mechanisms related to stress and the disruption of maternal homeostasis, or by specific maternally-mediated mechanisms. A mixture may be classified based on the available test data for the mixture as a whole. Classification results directly when the data satisfy the criteria in this section. A.3.2.2 Reversible effects on the eye (Category 2). A single hazard category is provided in Table A.3.1, for substances that have the potential to seriously damage the eyes. (a) Isolated episodes of allergic contact dermatitis; (b) Epidemiological studies of limited power, e.g., where chance, bias or confounders have not been ruled out fully with reasonable confidence; (c) Data from animal tests, performed according to existing guidelines, which do not meet the criteria for a positive result described in A.4.2.2.3, but which are sufficiently close to the limit to be considered significant; (d) Positive data from non-standard methods; (e) Positive results from close structural analogues. A.7.3.3.1 Where the mixture itself has not been tested to determine its reproductive toxicity, but there are sufficient data on both the individual ingredients and similar tested mixtures to adequately characterize the hazards of the mixture, these data shall be used in accordance with the following bridging principles as found in paragraph A.0.5 of this Appendix: Dilution, Batching, and Substantially similar mixtures. However, immunological mechanisms do not have to be demonstrated. This program covers: What is hazard definition?Hazards definition in safety,Types of hazards in the workplaceWhat are the steps of hazard identification and . Definition of a hazard. A.0.4.3.2 If the classifier has information that the hazard of an ingredient will be evident (i.e., it presents a health risk) below the specified cut-off value/concentration limit, the mixture containing that ingredient shall be classified accordingly. Solid substances (powders) may become corrosive or irritant when moistened or in contact with moist skin or mucous membranes. A.7.2.5.8 In principle, adverse effects on reproduction seen only at very high dose levels in animal studies (for example doses that induce prostration, severe inappetence, excessive mortality) do not normally lead to classification, unless other information is available, for example, toxicokinetics information indicating that humans may be more susceptible than animals, to suggest that classification is appropriate. 10 × (Skin Category 1 + Eye Category 1) + Eye Category 2. Substances are classified in Category 1 for specific target organ toxicity (repeated exposure) on the basis of: (a) reliable and good quality evidence from human cases or epidemiological studies; or. It is recognized that this evaluation is based primarily on human data; (b) Subjective human observations supported by objective measurements of clear respiratory tract irritation (RTI) (e.g., electrophysiological responses, biomarkers of inflammation in nasal or bronchoalveolar lavage fluids); (c) The symptoms observed in humans shall also be typical of those that would be produced in the exposed population rather than being an isolated idiosyncratic reaction or response triggered only in individuals with hypersensitive airways. Information on chemicals related to the material being classified shall be considered as appropriate, as well as site of action and mechanism or mode of action study results. Primary topics include Safety Data Sheets (SDS's), Labeling/Signage, and Training. It is sometimes referred to as "change management". Occupational Safety & Health Administration (OSHA) Nevada OSHA COVID-19 Dashboard. A.9.3.4.1 Where there is no reliable evidence or test data for the specific mixture itself, and the bridging principles cannot be used to enable classification, then classification of the mixture is based on the classification of the ingredient substances. Safety. A.3.3.3 The tiered approach explains how to organize existing information on a substance and to make a weight-of-evidence decision, where appropriate, about hazard assessment and hazard classification. These effects include, for example, small changes in semen parameters or in the incidence of spontaneous defects in the fetus, small changes in the proportions of common fetal variants such as are observed in skeletal examinations, or in fetal weights, or small differences in postnatal developmental assessments. A.0.3.3 Positive effects which are consistent with the criteria for classification, whether seen in humans or animals, shall normally justify classification. A.9.1.4 Assessment shall take into consideration not only significant changes in a single organ or biological system but also generalized changes of a less severe nature involving several organs. Physical hazards are a common source of injuries . A.3.4.2.1 Where the mixture itself has not been tested to determine its skin corrosivity or potential to cause serious eye damage or eye irritation, but there are sufficient data on both the individual ingredients and similar tested mixtures to adequately characterize the hazards of the mixture, these data will be used in accordance with the following bridging principles, as found in paragraph A.0.5 of this Appendix: Dilution, Batching, Concentration of mixtures, Interpolation within one toxicity category, Substantially similar mixtures, and Aerosols. 5 It should be noted that the classification criteria for health hazards usually include a tiered scheme in which test data available on the complete mixture are considered as the first tier in the evaluation, followed by the applicable bridging principles, and lastly, cut-off values/concentration limits or additivity. Negative human data should not normally be used to negate positive results from animal studies. A.4.2.2.4.1 For classification of a substance, evidence shall include one or more of the following using a weight of evidence approach: (a) Positive data from patch testing, normally obtained in more than one dermatology clinic; (b) Epidemiological studies showing allergic contact dermatitis caused by the substance. An eye irritant is considered mildly irritating to eyes (Category 2B) when the effects listed above are fully reversible within 7 days of observation. The primary means of accomplishing all of the above is by communicating the hazards of workplace chemicals via safety data sheets (SDSs), container labeling, and employee training. Found insideIn addition, it covers: " The action of chemicals that cause cancer, mutations, congenital malformations and organ or system specific effects " Why chemical target specific organs and systems and how these effects are revealed by laboratory ... A.6.4.2 Where OSHA has included cancer as a health hazard to be considered by classifiers for a chemical covered by 29 CFR part 1910, Subpart Z, Toxic and Hazardous Substances, chemical manufacturers, importers, and employers shall classify the chemical as a carcinogen. Hazard or risk? The Cal/OSHA Pocket Guide for the Construction Industry is a handy guide for workers, employers, supervisors, and safety personnel. For both animal and human data, consideration should be given to the impact of vehicle. Workplace Safety Hazard Definition. A.2.4.3.4 Particular care shall be taken when classifying certain types of chemicals such as acids and bases, inorganic salts, aldehydes, phenols, and surfactants. A.8.3.4.3 Mixtures shall be classified for either or both single and repeated dose toxicity independently. A.7.2.2.2 In the evaluation of toxic effects on the developing offspring, it is important to consider the possible influence of maternal toxicity. A.9.2.9.5 The guidance values refer to effects seen in a standard 90-day toxicity study conducted in rats. Guidance dose/concentration values are provided below (See A.9.2.9) to be used as part of weight-of-evidence evaluation. A.4.1.1 Respiratory sensitizer means a chemical that will lead to hypersensitivity of the airways following inhalation of the chemical. A.5.4.2 Examples of in vivo somatic cell mutagenicity tests are: (a) Mammalian bone marrow chromosome aberration test (OECD 475), (c) Mammalian erythrocyte micronucleus test (OECD 474). Therefore, positive results from well-conducted animal studies are not necessarily negated by the lack of positive human experience but require an assessment of the robustness, quality and statistical power of both the human and animal data. A biological hazard, or biohazard, is a biological substance that poses a threat to the health of living organisms, primarily humans.This could include a sample of a microorganism, virus or toxin that can adversely affect human health.A biohazard could also be a substance harmful to other animals. A risk is the chance high or low that any hazard will actually cause somebody harm. These observations include animals with grade 4 cornea lesions and other severe reactions (e.g. In general, developmental effects that are observed at maternally toxic doses should not be automatically discounted. OSHA's Hazard Communication Standard (HCS) requires the development and dissemination of such information: Chemical manufacturers and importers are required to evaluate the hazards of the chemicals they produce or import, and prepare labels and safety data sheets to convey the hazard information to their downstream customers; See note (b) to Table A.1.1 and paragraph A.1.3.3 for appropriate application of available data to the equation below, and paragraph A.1.3.6.2.4. Note: EC3 refers to the estimated concentration of test chemical required to induce a stimulation index of 3 in the local lymph node assay. Engineering controls are often used to mitigate physical hazards.. A.8.2.1.9.3 The guidance value (C) ranges for single-dose exposure which has produced a significant non-lethal toxic effect are those applicable to acute toxicity testing, as indicated in Table A.8.1. Safety hazard means a public nuisance which may adversely affect the safety of a person, including, without limitation, swimming pools. A substance is classified as Eye irritant Category 2A (irritating to eyes) when it produces in at least in 2 of 3 tested animals a positive response of: calculated as the mean scores following grading at 24, 48 and 72 hours after instillation of the substance, and which fully reverses within an observation period of normally 21 days. The classification of a substance in Category 1A and 1B is based on strength of evidence together with weight of evidence considerations (See paragraph A.6.2.5). Keep informed about workplace hazards with proper labeling techniques and safety posters available from Safety Emporium. The terms “dust”, “mist” and “vapor” are defined as follows: (i) Dust: solid particles of a substance or mixture suspended in a gas (usually air); (ii) Mist: liquid droplets of a substance or mixture suspended in a gas (usually air); (iii) Vapor: the gaseous form of a substance or mixture released from its liquid or solid state. Table A.2.3—Concentration of Ingredients of a Mixture Classified as Skin Category 1 or 2 That Would Trigger Classification of the Mixture as Hazardous to Skin, Table A.2.4—Concentration of Ingredients of a Mixture for Which the Additivity Approach Does Not Apply, That Would Trigger Classification of the Mixture as Hazardous to Skin. 26, 2012; 78 FR 9313, Feb. 8, 2013], Occupational Safety & Health Administration, Occupational Safety and Health Administration, Severe Storm and Flood Recovery Assistance, (1) Mean value of ≥2.3 ≤4.0 for erythema/eschar or for edema in at least 2 of 3 tested animals from gradings at 24, 48 and 72 hours after patch removal or, if reactions are delayed, from grades on 3 consecutive days after the onset of skin reactions; or, (2) Inflammation that persists to the end of the observation period normally 14 days in at least 2 animals, particularly taking into account alopecia (limited area), hyperkeratosis, hyperplasia, and scaling; or. Resource added for the Fire Protection Engineering Technology program 105033. However, a single positive study performed according to good scientific principles and with statistically and biologically significant positive results may justify classification. Data from repeat dose studies performed in other species may also be used. A.6.2.2 Classification as a carcinogen is made on the basis of evidence from reliable and acceptable methods, and is intended to be used for substances which have an intrinsic property to produce such toxic effects. Ingredients that fall within the scope of this paragraph are considered to be ingredients with a known acute toxicity estimate (ATE). As defined by the World Health Organization (WHO) "occupational health deals with all aspects of health and safety in the workplace and has a strong focus on primary prevention of hazards." Health has been defined as "a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity." Occupational health is a multidisciplinary field of . Ambiguous reports simply of “irritation” should be excluded as this term is commonly used to describe a wide range of sensations including those such as smell, unpleasant taste, a tickling sensation, and dryness, which are outside the scope of classification for respiratory tract irritation; (d) There are currently no scientifically validated animal tests that deal specifically with RTI; however, useful information may be obtained from the single and repeated inhalation toxicity tests. This manual covers key aspects of the regulatory control of dangerous chemicals in the workplace, reviewing areas of current concern such as the auditing of occupational health, the provision of health services in industry, the evaluation ... (b) For classification of acute toxicity in accordance with A.1 of this Appendix, paragraph A.1.3.6 (the additivity formula) shall be applied. (e) Body weight and body weight change: Consideration of the maternal body weight change and/or adjusted (corrected) maternal body weight shall be included in the evaluation of maternal toxicity whenever such data are available. Substances shall then be classified in Category 1 or 2, depending upon the nature and severity of the effect(s) observed, in accordance with Figure A.8.1. A.6.3.1 The mixture shall be classified as a carcinogen when at least one ingredient has been classified as a Category 1 or Category 2 carcinogen and is present at or above the appropriate cut-off value/concentration limit as shown in Table A.6.1. However, when there is mechanistic information that raises doubt about the relevance of the effect for humans, classification in Category 2 may be more appropriate. Table A.10.1—Criteria for Aspiration Toxicity. As with substances, mixtures may be classified for specific target organ toxicity following single exposure, repeated exposure, or both. A.9.2.9.9 Thus, it is possible that a specific profile of toxicity occurs in repeat-dose animal studies at a dose/concentration below the guidance value, e.g., <100 mg/kg body weight/day by the oral route, however the nature of the effect, e.g., nephrotoxicity seen only in male rats of a particular strain known to be susceptible to this effect, may result in the decision not to classify. Definition. Electrical hazards like frayed cords, missing ground pins, improper wiring or the harm that these hazards pose. Hazards are present at every workplace and come from a wide number of sources. Consequently, positive human data on skin sensitization are usually derived from case-control or other, less defined studies. | Meaning, pronunciation, translations and examples statistical analysis, test sensitivity) of germ cell mutagenicity test systems. Select the value at time of circuit interruption. Corrosive reactions are typified by ulcers, bleeding, bloody scabs, and, by the end of observation at 14 days, by discoloration due to blanching of the skin, complete areas of alopecia, and scars. For instance, deficiencies in the study may make the quality of evidence less convincing, and in view of this, Category 2 would be the more appropriate classification.
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